• School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: yuukilp@163.com.
• School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: jiluping@uestc.edu.cn.
• Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: fengye@scu.edu.cn.
• School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: fubo@uestc.edu.cn.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Predicting patients' survival from gigapixel Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) has always been a challenging task. To learn effective WSI representations for survival prediction, existing deep learning methods have explored utilizing graphs to describe the complex structure inner WSIs, where graph node is respective to WSI patch. However, these graphs are often densely-connected or static, leading to some redundant or missing patch correlations. Moreover, these methods cannot be directly scaled to the very-large WSI with more than 10,000 patches. To address these, this paper proposes a scalable graph convolution network, GraphLSurv, which can efficiently learn adaptive and sparse structures to better characterize WSIs for survival prediction.

METHODS: GraphLSurv has three highlights in methodology: (1) it generates adaptive and sparse structures for patches so that latent patch correlations could be captured and adjusted dynamically according to prediction tasks; (2) based on the generated structure and a given graph, GraphLSurv further aggregates local microenvironmental cues into a non-local embedding using the proposed hybrid message passing network; (3) to make this network suitable for very large-scale graphs, it adopts an anchor-based technique to reduce theorical computation complexity.

RESULTS: The experiments on 2268 WSIs show that GraphLSurv achieves a concordance-index of 0.66132 and 0.68348, with an improvement of 3.79% and 3.41% compared to existing methods, on NLST and TCGA-BRCA, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: GraphLSurv could often perform better than previous methods, which suggests that GraphLSurv could provide an important and effective means for WSI survival prediction. Moreover, this work empirically shows that adaptive and sparse structures could be more suitable than static or dense ones for modeling WSIs.