Associations of coffee and tea consumption with lung cancer risk.
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center of Korea, Goyang, South Korea.
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
Associations of coffee and tea consumption with lung cancer risk have been inconsistent, and most lung cancer cases investigated were smokers. Included in this study were over 1.1 million participants from 17 prospective cohorts. Cox regression analyses were conducted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential effect modifications by sex, smoking, race, cancer subtype and coffee type were assessed. After a median 8.6 years of follow-up, 20 280 incident lung cancer cases were identified. Compared with noncoffee and nontea consumption, HRs (95% CIs) associated with exclusive coffee drinkers (≥2 cups/d) among current, former and never smokers were 1.30 (1.15-1.47), 1.49 (1.27-1.74) and 1.35 (1.15-1.58), respectively. Corresponding HRs for exclusive tea drinkers (≥2 cups/d) were 1.16 (1.02-1.32), 1.10 (0.92-1.32) and 1.37 (1.17-1.61). In general, the coffee and tea associations did not differ significantly by sex, race or histologic subtype. Our findings suggest that higher consumption of coffee or tea is associated with increased lung cancer risk. However, these findings should not be assumed to be causal because of the likelihood of residual confounding by smoking, including passive smoking, and change of coffee and tea consumption after study enrolment.
- PLCO-11: Calcium intake and lung cancer: effect modification by sex and smoking status (Yumie Takata - 2013)